Public Health Promotion Strategy Free Essays

General Health Promotion Strategy of Lhuntse Introduction Public wellbeing is the main goal of a country as wellbeing is the central need to man. As per the American Public Health Association, APHA(2001), general wellbeing as the act of forestalling infections and advancing great wellbeing inside gatherings of individuals from little networks to whole nations. The elements of general wellbeing incorporate forestalling pestilences, observing wellbeing status of the populace, creating arrangements and laws to ensure wellbeing, giving medicinal services benefits no matter what and all exercises identified with profiting open and their wellbeing. We will compose a custom paper test on General Health Promotion Strategy or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Bhutan, inside the limits of China in the north and India in the south, was a slow developer in to advancement. Presently, 90% of the populace approaches fundamental medicinal services administrations conveyed through a system of 29 emergency clinics, 176 Basic Health Units and 541 effort centers. Of the twenty Dzongkhags or areas in Bhutan, Lhuentse dzongkhag is one of the least created with eight gewogs. â€Å"Most of the towns are still in available with absence of streets and power. one emergency clinic, 11 Basic Health Units and 31 Outreach centers render general wellbeing administrations in the dzongkhag. About half of the families approach channeled drinking water gracefully. †(Ninth multi year plan, Bhutan, n. d). This paper intends to concentrate on examining the general wellbeing segment situation in the specific dzongkhag and improving it. Motivation behind the activity plan Purpose of the activity plan is to advance different factors, for example, followings †¢To improve maternal social insurance, it is extremely fundamental to give sound way of wellbeing administrations to improve maternal medicinal services to make pregnancy safe. Mother’s instruction, Mother’s training is the essential information on child rearing. †¢To Improvement in food gracefully and sanitation, upgrades in food flexibly and sanitation will prompt increment life ranges and diminish illness. Activities taken by the wellbeing administrations, for example, clean drinking water flexibly and cleanliness straightforwardly help in progress in food gracefully and sanitation. †¢ To Reduce in Poverty, to make decrease in destitution line . To Change expectation for everyday comforts, with the improvement occurring in the nation, expectation for everyday comforts of the individuals has been quickly changed. General medical problems and Concerns †¢Lhuentse Dzongkhags has the worry over the issues identified with general wellbeing as follows; †¢As the grimness among the youngsters under multi year old enough and every pregnant lady and ladies in kid bearing age was accounted to , Male-767 and Female-642. (PHCB, pg. 191). †¢The number of conveyances of the new conceived babies went to by wellbeing experts was †90 pregnant ladies, while, the quantity of deliverie not went to was recorded to - 231 cases as noted in (PHCB, pg. 04). †¢According to PHCB, 2005,The Dzongkhag has likewise noticed the expansion in the quantity of cripples that was numbered to 990 individuals and most were impaired to seeing that was recorded to-327 individuals. (PHCB,pg. 211) †¢Most of the individuals in the Dzongkhag had constrained access to safe drinking water with the record of 253 family units having channeled water inside house and 2377 families having funneled water outside hous e. (PHCB, pg. 222) 5. The individuals in the Dzongkhag had restricted acces to fundamental wellbeing office of appropriate can. As, 2143 family units had the openness to pit toilet and 423 families had no lavatories by any stretch of the imagination (PHCB, pg. 241). The issues additionally incorporates, †¢Maternal and youngster wellbeing †¢The absence of sustenance in the eating regimen prompting lack of healthy sustenance †¢Outbreak of irresistible illnesses †¢The high liquor utilization prompting increment in liquor related infections (Liver cirrhosis). General Health Promotion Strategy Their systems put accentuation on progress ofquality of administrations, improvement of human and institutional limit, and decentralization with center around country get to. 1. Upgrade the nature of wellbeing administrations To improve the nature of administrations and further solidify the framework. Normalization and quality affirmation, concentrating on indicative and mending angles, and utilization of proper innovation. 2. To arrive at the blocked off populace There are still populace bunches who are not reached agreeably by the wellbeing administrations. Considering the entirety of the issues and factors, Out Reach Clinics (ORCs) have been developed and sorted out. 3. Reinforce customary medication framework The conventional medication framework is being fortified with the accentuation on human asset advancement through the Institute of Traditional Medicine. This has likewise been remembered for the common wellbeing administrations at the clinic. The limit and profitability of the Pharmaceutical Units have been expanded. Step by step instructions to refer to Public Health Promotion Strategy, Essay models

Public transport Essay

The rising degrees of blockage and air contamination found in the vast majority of the world urban communities can be ascribed straightforwardly to the quickly expanding number of private vehicles being used. So as to turn around this decrease in the personal satisfaction in urban communities, endeavors must be made to urge individuals to utilize their vehicles less and open vehicle more. Talk about potential approaches to empower the utilization of open vehicle. You ought to compose in any event 250 words. In a universe of expanding ecological mindfulness improved open vehicle speaks to the method of things to come. In spite of the fact that individuals do appreciate the comfort and security of going in their own private vehicles, as I would like to think they may pick open vehicle on the off chance that it satisfies certain conditions. These conditions fall into three general classes: attitudinal, budgetary and strategic. From an attitudinal point of view, individuals should initially be persuaded of the advantages of open transportation. An instructive or advertising effort must be propelled to sharpen the individuals who may have ignored this chance previously. Individuals ought to be acclimated with the natural, social and individual advantages for present and people in the future. This is one stage. From a money related viewpoint, open transportation must be a reasonable and practical advantage to purchasers. As it were, it must be more reasonable than heading to work each day. For instance, if individuals realize that by utilizing transport and metro, they can set aside enough cash to take a free occasion every year, a lot more people would be convinced to go along these lines. This is another basic advance. From a strategic point of view, open transportation ought to be advantageous for suburbanites. City organizers and transport authorities must guarantee that visit and solid open transportation is accessible for every resident. For individuals to make the propensity for going by transport or tram, they should realize that they will have the option to get to different places on schedule. Transport vehicles must be very much kept up, tram and transport drivers ought to be client arranged and administration must be timely and productive. This is an extra significant advance. Taking everything into account, through a multi-pronged methodology, it is conceivable to expand the utilization of open transportation. City authorities and legislators can lead the path by using these types of transport themselves and achieving change through close to home model. At that point, more residents will stick to this same pattern and we may all plan to live in a cleaner, less dirtied condition.

Its snowing! again. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Its snowing! again. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We dont have much to complain about since New York has not been hit with as much snow as other parts of the country this winter.   But when we are hit with another blizzard, we groan because chances are were going to school or work in it.   Of course, we all look forward to snow days (when schools are closed) so we can catch up at home instead of treading our way through snow mountains and slippery roads.   Not to mention all the wet grit and grim from the streets. Gross!   But snow days are rare in New York City.   So needless to say, its snowing (A LOT) but were not closed; no snow day for us.   But we are here to support our students who have also made their way to campus.   Although its not easy to move around with all this snow, New Yorkers always find a way to get where we must go.   Our students who move here from other parts of the world, also quickly learn how to get from uptown to/from the boroughs in all conditions.   It means we plan a little more efficiently and were mor e resourceful   And thank goodness for one of the more reliable mass transit systems. With no where to go today and probably very few visitors (because who would risk coming to Columbia in this storm besides us and all our dedicated faculty and students), well have more uninterrupted time to review applications.   Well begin releasing admission decisions for our two-year MIA/MPA/MPA-DP programs in mid-March so theres not much time to finish reviewing all the applications weve received for fall 2014 consideration.     Thats all I have for today (sorry its not as enlightening) my head is in the applications. and the snow storm happening outside my windowless office. Travel safely where ever you may be. a view of Columbia University Low Library entrance to Columbia University Morningside campus

The Death Of Hektor And The Destruction Of Troy - 937 Words

The death of Hektor and the destruction of Troy were solely caused by his own pride. His refusal to the surrender, which would protect him and most importantly the whole town of Troy, demonstrated his unimaginable selfish behavior. Instead of protecting Troy, Hektor, without hesitation, picked to fight in order to prove his superiority. . This is an example of how one s life can be demolished if pride and honor is prioritized. Hektor acquiesced his whole life to a strong desire for honor, which was implanted in his head by his parents. Oppositions towards my personal beliefs are made by associates from church. Very Slavic beliefs are still heavily implied in the surrounding society and the tendency for Russian people to stick together and then establish similar views increases. . Relying on the support of others, emphasis isn t placed on the careers of my friends. Females rely on males for financial support, thus losing their independence. The man is the main provider and source of income in the house , is a common Slavic belief that restricts the actions of women. The common role of women is to spend time at home raising the children that is why a career is irrelevant. In many ways, it is considered wrong and embarrassing if a female is more financially stable than a male. There is a common belief stating that marriage is the highlight of one’s life. Marriage is considered something honorable and hard to achieve, which is why some will go to such extent as toShow MoreRelatedThe Theme of Family in Books 6 and 24 in Homer’s Iliad.1017 Words   |  5 PagesFamily is very important in Books 6 and 24, but it is also one of the main themes throughout the Iliad. Book 1 begins with the vengeance taken by a father who has lost his daughter. The leaders of the Greeks are brothers, and Achilles’s revenge against Hektor is caused by the loss of the brotherly love of Patroklos. And even amongst the gods, the allegiances to the Greeks or the Trojans is decided along family lines. Artemis is on the side of the Trojans because her brother Apollo sides with them. ThisRead MoreThose Who Exalt Themselves : The Pride Of Hektor Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesPride of Hektor I. Introduction While pride is a vice that is often frowned upon in modern cultures, it occupied a vastly different place in ancient Greek culture. Indeed, it was often inextricably tied to their concept of glory and heroism. Be as that may, Homer, in The Iliad of Homer, despite it being one of the most well-known pieces of ancient Greek literature, portrays pride in a more negative light than was the norm of his time. Pride in the Iliad most often causes much destruction and endsRead MoreEssay on Achilles1020 Words   |  5 Pagesthe character Achilles is one of the major foci of the story. His actions of lack of actions have enormous effects upon how the plot unfolds. Starting with the fight with Agamemnon and his withdrawal from the battle, to the death of Patroklos, and finally to the slaying of Hektor, Achilles and his emotions decide the fate of many Greek and Trojan warriors. It is his struggle against his anger, pride, loyalty, and love that make this poem one of a tragic nature, rather th an just a gruesome account ofRead MoreAndromaches Lamentations In The Iliad Analysis1624 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout the Iliad lamentations provide eulogies of heroic figures, which praise their past deeds and individual traits, often through the expression of a speaker’s personal feelings and attachment. When Hektor dies, however, Andromache delivers lamentations that deviate from the trend of other lamentations in the Iliad. Andromache’s lamentations are future-oriented instead of being rooted in the past, and deliver narratives about the future of Hektor’s family and the Trojans rather than displayingRead MoreThe Epic Of The Trojan War Essay2260 Words   |  10 PagesWar help people realize the illimitable rules of life. The story of Prince Paris of Troy and Princess Helen, the once before wife of Sparta’s King Menelaus, exemplified true love and gruesome war tactics. As a result of this war, many lives were lost but the relentless Grecians eventually triumphed after ten long, vicious years of battle. The colossal war raged between Grecians and Trojans, on the distant land of Troy, and has grabbed imagination around the world for eras. Some accounts show the warRead MorePast Beliefs On Marriage Is Changed By Influence Of My Parents1225 Words   |  5 Pagesconforming influenced by my parents are similar to the ones of Hektor in the Iliad. As a result of respect towards my parentsand tendency to please them I end up submitting to their opinions. Similarly, Hektor was raised in an environment where respect for parents was mandatory. Therefore, he knew nothing else but to honor his parents wholeheartedly. Priam and Hà ©kabe envisioned Hektor growing up striving for honor during his entire life. Thus, Hektor s parents transformed him from a small careless boy intoRead MoreThe Conforming Influenced By My Parents1225 Words   |  5 Pagesconforming influenced by my parents are similar to the ones of Hektor in the Iliad. As a result of respect towards my parents, I tend to want to please them and end up submitting to their opinions. Simi larly, Hektor was raised in an environment where respect for parents was mandatory. Therefore, he knew nothing else but to honor his parents wholeheartedly. Priam and Hà ©kabe envisioned Hektor growing up striving for honor during his entire life. Hektor s parents transformed him from a small careless boy intoRead MoreThe Iliad by Homer1383 Words   |  6 Pagesjuxtaposes the very specific, emotional, and individualized scene of Achilleus’s grief with the creation of the all-encompassing image which Hehpaistos forges on his shield. Towards the beginning of the book, when Achilleus learns of Patroklos’s death from Nestor’s son Antiolchos, Homer depicts an intense scene of sorrow as he writes, â€Å"The black cloud of sorrow closed on Achilleus. In both hands he caught up the grimy dust, and poured it over his head and face, and fouled his handsome countenanceRead MoreGlory And Honor : Honor And Glory1798 Words   |  8 Pageshonor and glory in all their var ied forms. Glory and honor spark a decade-long war that costs the lives of countless men, and direct its progression at every turn. The destruction of Troy is â€Å"a thing... whose glory shall perish never (Lattimore, Book II.324)†. The hope for many Greek warriors is the fame that remains beyond physical death; the honor of individuals guided most thoughts and decisions. Glory and honor establish heroes and their identities, and are the foundations for the developments thatRead MoreHelen Of Troy1455 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Helen of Troy In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy, also known as Helen of Sparta, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and was a sister of Castor, Pollux, and Clytemnestra. In Greek myths, she was considered the most beautiful woman in the world. By marriage she was Queen of Laconia, a province within Homeric Greece, the wife of King Menelaus. Her abduction by Paris, Prince of Troy, brought about the Trojan War. Elements of her putative biography come from classical authors such as Aristophanes, Cicero

The Steps in the Business Buying-Decision Process Free Essays

First process is problem recognition in which someone in the company recognizes a problem or need that can be met by acquiring a good or service. It can result from internal (a machine break down and need new parts) and external stimuli (buyer receive a call from a salesperson who offers a better machine or a lower price). Next stage is general need description in which a buyer describes the general characteristics and quantity of a needed item. We will write a custom essay sample on The Steps in the Business Buying-Decision Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now An example, for complex items, the buyer needs to work with others-engineers, users, consultants to define the item. Third step is product specification. The buying organization decides on and specifies the best technical product characteristics for a needed item by using product value analysis. Supplier search is another step in which the buyer tries to find the best vendors. They can compile a small list of qualified suppliers by reviewing trade directories, doing computer searches, or phoning other companies for recommendations. Another stage is proposal solicitation. In this stage the buyer invites qualified suppliers to submit proposals. Business marketers must be skilled in researching, writing, and presenting proposals in response to buyer proposal solicitation. Next step is supplier selection in which the buyer reviews proposals and selects a supplier or suppliers. The buying center often will draw up a list of the desired supplier attributes (product and service quality, reputation) and their relative importance. Order-routine specification is the next step of business buying-decision process. the buyer writes the final order with the chosen supplier(s), listing the technical specifications, quantity needed, expected time of delivery, return policies, and warranties. Final stage is performance review in which the buyer assesses the performance of the supplier and decides to continue, modify, or drop the arrangement. The seller’s job is to monitor the same factors used by the buyer to make sure that the seller is giving the expected satisfaction. How to cite The Steps in the Business Buying-Decision Process, Essay examples

Narrative Report for Ojt free essay sample

Sky Cable sell their products such as SkyCable, SkyBroadband, SkyVoice, IWantV and among others and they are also a service provider of cable television, broadband internet, VoIP, digital cable and many more. Historical Background Since it started community antenna television system operation in the Philippines on January 26, 1992, SkyCable provides cable Internet, VoIP services and digital cable TV service. On June 6, 1990, SkyCable Corporation was incorporated via 79. 3% stake in Sky Vision Corporation, operator of cable brands, SkyCable and Sun Cable. On April 18, 1991, Sky Vision Corporation was incorporated and ventures into cable television (SkyCable and Sun Cable), communication, system, television media, shopping network. It is owned 18. 8% by  ABS-CBN Corporation  and 78% by Lopez Inc. On March 30, 1995, Central CATV Inc. was granted a 25-year provisional franchise to establish, construct, maintain and operated community antenna television system in the Philippines through Republic Act 7969. In 1997, Sky Vision Corporation acquired 47% of Pilipino Cable Corp. , operator of Sun Cable for P900 million. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Report for Ojt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1997, SkyCable launches its first cable TV branded credit card in the Philippines, the SkyCard Mastercard with SolidBank and the SkyCard-Citibank Mastercard with  Citibank N. A. In 2001, Benpress Holdings Inc. and  Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company  signed a master consolidation agreement for SkyCable Corporation to consolidate its interest. In July 2001, Unilink Communications Corp. operator of Home Cable, Philippines second largest cable TV company, merged its CATV operation to SkyCable and created Beyond Cable Inc. with an enterprise value of P14. 5 billion. Beyond Cable Inc. ontrols 66. 5% through Benpress Holdings Corp. and 33. 5% through  MediaQuest Holdings, Inc. On December 7, 2001, Beyond Cable Holdings Inc. was incorporated. In May 2011, Singaporean firm  STT Communications Pte. Ltd. acquired 40 percent of SkyCable through Philippine Depositary Receipts worth P3. 612 billion and P250 million of convertible notes to fund the expansion of SkyCableâ€℠¢s broadband Internet and cable TV services. Vision Sky Cable will provide the best for their families by: 1. Being the national leader in video, voice and data. 2. Being recognized for outstanding customer service. 3. Being an employer of choice. 4. Becoming a publicly listed, employee-owned company. Mission Enriching and uplifting the lives of Filipino families through communication, education and entertainment. Values C – A – R – O – T + I * Customer Focus * Accountability * Results Orientation * Ownership * Teamwork * Integrity Customer Focus Their business exists because of their customers. They know their customers, internal or external, their needs and wants, and how these can be met and satisfied. They review performance based on how best they have met their customers’ requirements. Accountability They understand their roles and responsibilities as individuals and members of a team. They have performance objectives and expectations in the attainment of company goals. Management ensures that everyone takes accountability for daily decisions and actions to meet expected results. Results Orientation They commit to deliver results. They ensure that proper processes are done without losing sight of results expected of them. Management recognizes efforts and rewards achievement when company performance goals are exceeded. Ownership They know their company, its products, services, its systems, its vision and values. They share the company’s successes and shortfalls. They value initiatives. They strive for excellence because they owe it to theirselves and to the company. They do not settle for being average; they go the â€Å"extra mile†. Teamwork They understand and accept individualities and the value of each person’s effort and contribution. They work as a team because they believe that much more can be accomplished by working together. They trust and openly communicate with each other. They are willing to share responsibilities. They are Team SkyCable. Integrity They perform their jobs with deep sense of honesty, transparency and integrity. They are consistent with their word (â€Å"walk the talk†) and adhere to the highest ethical standards and professional conduct. They comply with established rules and regulations. They do not lie, steal or cheat for personal gains. - ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Sky Cable Central (Main) Organizational Structure MARKETING SALES FRONTLINE PROGRAMMING OPERATIONS RESEARCH amp; PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT ITamp;T amp; ABS FINANCE HROD amp; Admin OFFICE OF THE COO OPERATIONS SUPPORT Pilipino Cable Corporation – Sky Cable Tagum Organizational Structure OIC amp; OM Area Ancillary amp; Prod Manager INTERN Managing Director Area Director IT Officer CSR Area HR Manager Area Finance amp; Accounting Manager Area Engineering Manager - FUNCTION OF THE OFFICE ASSIGNED Budget Functions Finance, together with the Administrator,  plans, directs and coordinates the formulation, preparation, execution, review and analysis of the county’s operating budget and operating program. It also monitors budget appropriations and actual expenditures to ensure compliance with the law. The Finance Director and other administration officials inform the BOC on budgetary and long-range planning matters. The finance  department works very closely with all department heads and elected officials and gathers information to create and maintain the annual budget. Accounting Functions To provide financial reporting, bank reconciliations, transactional journal entries, adjusting journal entries, ancillary schedules and record keeping, fixed asset management, substantive balance sheet analysis, audit preparation including auditor required schedules and analysis, grant compliance and reporting, compliance with all areas of generally accepted accounting principles and their governing bodies. Accounts Payable Functions Records and makes payment of expenditures for each department and each fund within the County . The accounts payable area maintains a system of accounts to  Ã‚  accumulate,  classify, and report on the financial activities of the Countys various  funds and departments. The system provides for the proper accounting of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenditures which facilitates the preparation of financial reports to be submitted to the Board of Commissioners as well as the federal amp; state governments. Revenue Functions Review all sources of revenue to ensure timely receipt. Revenue is responsible for producing invoices for county receivables, coordinating the deposit of cash receipts, identifying and accounting for all funds received, auditing of customer invoices to ensure revenue is billed, monitor key data as it moves through processes and systems to ensure integrity in reported results, identify opportunities for improving billing and/or possible disconnection of services, work with multiple departments to resolve issues. The revenue department is also responsible for meter reading, billing, and accounts receivable for the water department. EMS  billing is also monitored by the Revenue Coordinator. - OBSERVATIONS, COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Observations and Comments As to their hospitality, no problem with it because their employees are very humble with regards to their co-employees and also to us interns especially to their customers. As to their system of accounting, it is not well organized enough and there are some of the accounts that are usually misplaced and are missing. With regards to workplace, their office is very limited in space, sometimes or most of the times their office is messy because their office is newly transferred, and is not comfortable for the employees. They are also lack of office equipments/supplies that lead to inconvenience of work. They are also good in dealing with other people through their customer service sector. They are also treating us interns as their regular employees. As to our supervisor, she directs us before she will give tasks to us, but the problem is, her instructions are not so clear enough to understand that’s why we keep on asking her on what to do. In conclusion, I observed that their company is well good. Recommendations Based on my observations, I recommend that if there are transactions that really need to be private, they should keep it because it is not good to hear people that are talking personal transactions in the public. With regards to their accounting system, they should keep all the records of transactions in one account or system that monitors all the accounts to avoid account lost. They should also have a complete set of office supplies such as computer units, chairs and tables for the convenience of their employees. As to our supervisor, she should give ask us if we understand well her instructions before she will give us tasks to do to avoid hesitation and repeating of jobs. - WORK EXPERIENCE WITH H. T. E Sky Cable is the most popular company in terms of cable TVs and this institution gave me a lot of education with regards to accounting applications and customer relation processes. Accounting theories compare to real life situation in accounting is very far enough. Our supervisor, Ma’am Felomina J. Diana, an accounting staff of sky cable corporation taught us very well the processes of accounting in a more convenient way just like locating accounts using MS Excel and preparing checks for payment to suppliers and any bills, constructing acknowledgment form and mostly, preparing bank reconciliation of their company. She trusts us very well because unlike in the banks, she let us see and hold their accounts and transactions. If she feels that we are hungry, she buys snacks for us. Sometimes or most of the times she stopped on what she does just only chitchatting with us. She’s very friendly, approachable, and a good teacher. This is the best of our supervisor. This is the best of Sky.

Hemp - The Truth About The Earths Greatest Plant

Hemp - The Truth About The Earths Greatest Plant Persuasive Essay on the benifits of hemp Exclellent - A-In a perfect world there would be a product that could serve as a fuel source, a food source, a paper source, a textile source, and this product would be easy to produce in any of its forms. Believe it or not such a product does exist; it is the plant known as hemp. No tree or plant species on earth has the commercial, economic, and environmental potential of hemp. Over 30,000 known products can be manufactured from hemp.Hemp was a common crop grown in the U.S. until 1937 when it was unjustly banned. A common misconception about hemp is that it was banned because it was a widely abused, harmful drug. Hemp was banned because it was a competitive threat to the wood industry. Corporations that profited from the demise of hemp spread rumors that marijuana was a major drug problem, which it was not at the time.English: Cultivation of industrial hemp for fiber ...They also propagated a campaign that it was a drug that induced uncontro llable violence, another complete falsehood.Hemp is the plant scientifically known as cannabis sativa. It is referred to as hemp when it is grown for its fibers, stem, and seeds. Its leaves and flowers produce the drugs marijuana and hashish. However, sterile breeds of the plant are still illegal to grow in the U.S. Literally millions of wild hemp plants grow throughout the entire Midwest today. Wild hemp, like hemp used for industry purposes, is useless as an intoxicant. Yet U.S. drug law states that one acre of this can result in the owner being sentenced to death. The death penalty exists for growing one acre of perfectly harmless, non-intoxicating weeds!Hemp can produce any product that paper can produce. The difference is that one acre of hemp...

Selectively Permeable Definition and Examples

Selectively Permeable Definition and Examples Selectively permeable means a membrane allows the passage of some molecules  or ions and inhibits the passage of others. The capacity to filter molecular transport in this manner is called selective permeability. Selective Permeability Versus Semipermeability Both semipermeable membranes and selectively permeable membranes regulate the transport of materials so that some particles pass through while others cant cross. Some texts use terns selectively permeable and semipermeable interchangeably, but they dont mean exactly the same thing. A semipermeable membrane is like a filter that allows particles to pass or not according to size, solubility, electrical charge, or other chemical or physical property. The passive transport processes of osmosis and diffusion permit transport across semipermeable membranes. A selectively permeable membrane chooses which molecules are allowed to pass based on specific criteria (e.g., molecular geometry). This facilitated or active transport  may require energy. Semipermeability can apply to both natural and synthetic materials. In addition to membranes, fibers may also be semipermeable. While selective permeability generally refers to polymers, other materials may be considered to be semipermeable. For example, a window screen is a semipermeable barrier that permits the flow of air but limits the transit of insects. Example of a Selectively Permeable Membrane The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane is an excellent example of a membrane which is both semipermeable and selectively permeable. Phospholipids in the bilayer are arranged such that the hydrophilic phosphate heads of each molecule are on the surface, exposed to the aqueous or watery environment inside and outside of cells. The hydrophobic fatty acid tails are hidden inside the membrane. The phospholipid arrangement makes the bilayer semipermeable. It allows the passage of small, uncharged solutes. Small lipid-soluble molecules can pass through the hydrophilic core of the layer, such hormones, and fat-soluble vitamins. Water passes through the semipermeable membrane via osmosis. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the membrane via diffusion. However, polar molecules cannot easily pass through the lipid bilayer. They can reach the hydrophobic surface, but cant pass through the lipid layer to the other side of the membrane. Small ions face a similar problem because of their electrical charge. This is where selective permeability comes into play. Transmembrane proteins form channels that permit the passage of sodium, calcium, potassium, and chloride ions. Polar molecules can bind to surface proteins, causing a change in the configuration of the surface  and gaining them passage. Transport proteins move molecules and ions via facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy. Large molecules generally dont cross the lipid bilayer. There are special exceptions. In some cases, integral membrane proteins allow passage. In other cases, active transport is required. Here, energy is supplied in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for vesicular transport. A lipid bilayer vesicle forms around the large particle and fuses with the plasma membrane to either allow the molecule into or out of a cell. In exocytosis, the contents of the vesicle open to the outside of the cell membrane. In endocytosis, a large particle is taken into the cell. In addition to the cellular membrane, another example of a selectively permeable membrane is the inner membrane of an egg.

Persecution in the early church Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Persecution in the early church - Research Paper Example The Reason for Persecution Although there was no recognizable or serious offence with the early Christians professing their faith in Jesus Christ, the Roman Empire and the pagan fraternity did not bother but instead fabricated a number of allegations1. At no point did the Christian religion in the early days interfere with or distract their normal operations or peace of mind therefore one can only read mischief and ulterior motives in their quest to wipe away the early church out of existence2. Unanimously, both the pagans and the Roman Empire leveled allegations of incest, perversions, and cannibalism against their Christian counterparts3. With Emperor Nero in their lead, the persecutors insisted that their Christian brothers and sisters constantly partook of illegal and inhuman ritual and activities contrary to the acceptable norms within the Roman Empire4. Fully appreciating the government’s support, the pagans pressured the Nero, the Roman Emperor who rained from 54 AD to 64 AD, to succumb to their demands. In real sense, the good followers of Jesus Christ only practiced what they read from their respective Bibles like Baptism5. With John the Baptist as the pioneer of Baptism in water, Jesus Christ only sanctified the same through the incorporation of ‘fire’ baptism where He emphasized on the essence of involvement of the Holy Spirit6. It is by this doctrine that the early Christians based and practiced their strong beliefs, irrespective of what their ‘enemies’ thoughts and opinions. When the pagans and some officials of the Roman Emperor saw the relentless worship by the early church, they accused them of ill practices, allegation which cost most staunch Christians their lives while maiming others in the process7. Perhaps one of the most controversial reasons as to why the early church faced senseless persecution was subversion and ungodly behavior, at least according to those who strongly supported the idea of persecution. Ordinarily, the atheists and those who believed in the Roman gods united on some fronts especially those pertaining to the official religious practices as manifested by the Roman Emperor8. Occasionally, all the inhabitants of the Roman Emperor offered sacrifices to the Roman gods as a sign of gratification and honor, a practice the early church came strongly against for their own reasons. During the first century, most Romans and atheists believed that by worshipping and offering sacrifices to their gods, they would receive blessings, protections, and improve in their general wellbeing9. The early Christians on the other hand, believed in and followed strictly the teachings inscribed within the Christian Bible that fiercely condemned the worship, honor, or offering of sacrifices to the so called ‘idols’. Duly guided by this clause, these believers in Jesus Christ objected to the pleas by the vast majority of the officials of the Roman Emperor10. As if that was not enou gh, the cult extended to the honor and offering sacrifices to the Roman Emperors, fully acknowledging the fact that they were sanctified monarchs, who deserved equal and undivided attention as other gods11. The successive Roman Emperors highly encouraged this trend as it they felt that it boosted their ego besides elevating them above normal human beings. Beginning with Emperor Nero to

Advantages and Disadvantages of ID Tracking on Individuals Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of ID Tracking on Individuals - Essay Example med residents to security systems, from home surveillance to guard dogs; human beings go to great extremes to secure themselves, their families, and their belongings. One suggestion to make people safer and impossible to lose; they suggest tracking them. Of course, the idea of finding a lost child instantaneously is ideal for a frantic parent, but others question whether your persistent location is an invasion of individual and personal privacy; not to mention that they have some less than properly addressed physical and technological inefficiencies that work against it. In order to understand the issues with tracking human beings it is best to understand more about the technology involved. Most people are familiar with GPS, which allows us to track our vehicles, our cell phones, our pets, and on occasion even our children (Collins, 2011).However, the newest technology being considered is Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID. There are three types of tags available. The RFID technology, when implanted is consider efficient and less likely to fail due to its protection from damage inside the body (Gilani, 2013).The other advantages, many experts say, is that it will help parents track their children, help families track elderly who are prone to wandering away, and for patients brought into the hospital in critical and non-conscious states; if their imperative medical information is carried within a tracking device it would make treating this patient easier. Unfortunately not everyone is as eager to see this sort of technology embraced. There are some ethical issues that arise, which include security of information. What and whom can guarantee that that information is not compromised? What if someone could â€Å"hack† into the system and locate your children without your knowledge. If ones medical information is there for emergency conveniences what prevents people from tapping into it? Implanted RFID can lead to a negative reaction within the body. Your body

Simulating Depth Of Field Effects Film Studies Essay

Simulating Depth Of Field Effects Film Studies Essay Depth of field effects: The distance between foreground and background is called depth of field. The depth of field is the distance in front and behind the point of focus. Objects outside of the depth of field are out of focus. In most cases, the depth of field extends one-third of its distance in front of the focal point, and two thirds its distance behind the focal point. Suppose a lens is focused at area, and lens required sharpness at X distance, and the subject is approximately at X distance, now if we move subject sometime near and far away from the camera at same position, than a very minute changes happen to sharpness . So in anywhere not in camera but our eyes also have some zone through which subject is acceptable sharp and that zone itself is the distance between the lens and the subject and that is called depth of field. However, due to limitations in the human eye, subjects that are slightly nearer to the lens and also subjects slightly further from the lens are perceived to be in focus. These below are the factors which affect more and less depth of field effects. More Depth of field effects Less depth of field effects To achieve more depth of field we have to use shorter focal length of lens. To achieve less depth ofd field effects we have to use longer focal length of lens. To achieve more depth of field we have to use small aperture size. To achieve less depth of field we have to use large aperture. Larger acceptable center of confusion (COC). Smaller acceptable center of confusion (COC). Distant plane of critical focus. Close plane of critical focus. Smaller film format. Larger film format. Focus split: Selecting near and far distance which need to be held equally and acceptably in focus and setting the focus distance to suit. Factors affecting Shallow depth of field effects in cameras High contrast lenses have less depth of field effects than the low contrast lens. Consequently, a smaller diameter of center of confusion should be used in depth of field calculation.(eg- 1/2000 instead of 1/1000 ) Lighting which sharply focused details, brightly lighted objects will appear to have less depth of field effects. The use of lens filter in between the lens and the subject, which will reduces maximum definition and make a greater degree of soft focus. As usual but very common, depth of field effects situation arises with uses of wide angle lens at moderate focus distance.( for e.g. 3ft to 12 ft) Object at infinity: This is occur especially when photographed using long focal length lens( more than 55 mm lenses) trend to appear tend to appear soft because of atmospheric elements(like moisture, smoke, dust, haze, smog). There is solution too for such situation that is only either use HAZE filters available in market or using light yellow filters to increase contrast and sharpness in film. This affects when you filming or photographing in any hilly area, mountain area, beaches, waterfall, or any natural area sometime forest too). In case of shutter release Priority: A fast shutter speed used in photography in order to capture fast moving object( e.g. like if you want to take a shot of moving car), whereas a slow shutter speed used to create blur effects on fast moving object( for e.g. a fast moving car in night and you want to capture back light of car as beam using slow shutter speed) , so therefore a fast shutter speed requires a larger aperture size lets say (f1/16or f/11 ) which allow small amount of light to enter the lens hence it extended depth of field effects and in case of slow shutter speed requires small aperture lets say (f2.8, or f2) which allow more light to enter the camera and hence it produce shallow depth of field effects. When aperture is more open than it allows more light to enter the camera and fall on camera CCD, hence to control amount of light we need a more shutter speed to accumulate and to prevent the photograph from over exposed. A telephoto lens gives you a narrow depth of field effects, by moving a lens as close as to the subject and use largest aperture size of camera lens, while to get the large depth of field use Wide angle lens and move your camera and lens as far as possible and use small aperture size. The degree of magnification that the image may be subjected to when shown or projected close or near to the audience sheet to the screen. I mean to say that when Audience close to a cinema screen will be more aware of soft focus than those who are far away from the cinema screen. Focus Bias: This can occur when one subject is in focus and rest is in out of focus like in case of macro photography with small aperture and long focal length for eg a 200 mm lens with aperture value of 2.8 or 2.0. Effects of aperture and the depth of field: The depth of field effects is being controlled by lens aperture value. If you increase the f-number than depth of field effects also increased but decrease the amount of light entering to the camera and when you decrease the f-number than depth of field effects also decreased (it gives shallow depth of field effect). In motion picture its very limited use of it. Generally cinematographer take a single aperture settings for a shot and for another shot they choose another setting as par locality and they adjust exposure settings with the help of light meter device which tells actuall amount of light presents in that area. Aperture settings and exposure settings are changed more frequently in still cameras than motion picture cameras. In photography and cinematography, variation in depth of field effects used to create various kinds of special effects. Camera movement and the depth of field effects: In film making, a person who looks and takes care of responsibility of lens changing, filter changing, point to focus, maintaining depth of field, setting focal length is known as focus-puller. Focus-puller is one of the assistant person in shooting crew members or camera man. A good focus-puller has very adequate and vast knowledge of cinematography. He has to focus and shift focus smoothly in such a manner that audience cant find jerk on them. In film industry most hard job is of focus puller. He has to perform his duty very accurately because suppose if any role given to actor to act on that, and he done that, but while recording focus puller didnt check focal length and filter than actor has to act again. Doing reshot is tough to achieve same expression what he achieved in previous shot. So this was example how much focus puller important to the cinematography. His work is more technical rather than creative. He has to keep in mind all the guidelines given by the director of phot ography during shooting a shot. Cameras depth of field limits The sharpness of depth of field can be increased by decreasing by Center of confusion, but its not as easy to decrease because it also has some disadvantage that is motion blur and diffraction. As we know center of confusion has inversely relation with f-number like a smaller center of confusion need a greater f number, but need a long exposure time. if we increase f-number than diffraction also increases which will soften or soft all the part of image, thus image will no longer be in sharp. The f-number which will overcome from center of confusion is the minimum acceptable sharpness value. If we increase f- number than the sharpness at limited depth of field improved. As we know there is also maximum f-numbers through which sharpness of depth of field in image gets over. The best f-number should be chosen in between of minimum and maximum f-numbers. Depth of field and Macro or close-up: One of the main difficulties with close-up photography is that keeping the image enough in focus. The closer the lens focuses, the less depth of field you have. When using a macro lens at its maximum magnification, depth of field may only extend a fraction of an inch. With floral close-ups, a small aperture is almost always needed, but even so, it is important that the lens focuses on a key focal point in the composition, since not in the entire frame. Depth of field and shooting on bright hot afternoon: While shooting at outdoor especially in day light, the director of photography may wish to reduce amount of light and the depth of field for a close-up shot. For reducing light, a very good filter available called neutral density filter commonly known as ND filter. Suppose the light meter indicating F/22 but we have till f/16, than ND filter play a very important role. This will reduce the amount of light entering to the camera and enable you to shoot on bright sunny day. On other case, if the director of photography wants a close-up shot, and you have to reduce your depth of field, because by reducing depth of field, it will out of focused the background and puts more importance to the subject or highlight the subject. Circle of confusion While shooting the film, the focus puller must be know that which part of scene should be sharp, so therefore we need something to measure the sharpness of image in relative to film limits of the eyes resolution at the time of viewing or at time of projection on screen. For example: if a image is captured through 35 mm film projected at theater, audience must be at distance of 1/3 back from screen. Now we know that eye resolving power is 1 minute of arc. From audience I mean 1/3 back from screen, the smallest size of a dot appearing on a screen which is in perfectly focused or sharp. Now we can easily measures the distance between audience and the screen through any inch tape, from screen the previous sharpen dot which appeared smallest at back now that will be largest dot from the screen, the arc of 1 minute comes up with physical dimension on the screen for the largest dot that the audience previously seen as a smaller sharp point. Figure 1 (need to put a diagram over here) Now the diameter of dot on screen is not actual size of dot, to find actual size of dot we have to calculate diameter of big dot appearing on screen, than we have to divide with enlargement factor needs to bring the size of our 33 mm film up to size of our cinema screen or projected area. This will bring the size of maximum or big dot. When lens is focused at infinity: If any point is focused from the infinity, the distance between plane of focus and the lens become the focal length of the lens. How image size varies at different points behind the camera lens: Figure 2 (need to put a diagram over here) You can see the image is not at extract plane of focus. The image was there somewhere after plane of focus. So in this case size the dot size forming big. Now imagine if the audience sees this dot size sharpen, clearly in focus, than we can easily calculate the amount of sharpness in which part of overall image looks sharp. Near and far points of focus: Figure 3 (need to put a diagram over here) In this case point B creating a sharp image on image plane or plane of focus, while point A creating image after crossing image plane or plane of focus, which means out of focus or blur or less sharpen image. Conclusion: In film plane, both near object and far away object (Lets take Point A and Point B) expanded and become confused to larger dot than the original dot. Hence this is the circle of confusion. Figure 4 (need to put a diagram over here) Thus, a center of confusion (COC) is the diameter of largest dot which is still considers being sharp, focused, and also seen by the audience in Film Theater when it projected on screen. Focus Split: Focus split is selecting the near and far distance which need to be held equally and acceptably in-focus and setting the focus distance to suit. Lets take x as the distance of near object from the camera lens Lets take y as the distance of far away object from the camera lens Than what could be the focus area? Hyper focal Distance: Hyper focal distance is maximum depth of field that starts from infinity to the camera. If a lens is set to hyper focal distance, than the depth of field effects is half of hyper focal distance from infinity. Hyper focal distance is the distance in which lens is focused at infinity, so that the object in background and foreground both will be at sharper focused. Hyper focal distance depends on many factors, some of like Focal length of the camera lens The aperture f- value Diameter of circle of confusion Hyper Focal distance = (FL2) f X COC Where FL means focal length, f-number means aperture size and COC means circle of confusion After knowing hyper focal distance, its easy to calculate near and far point Near point depth of field = H X S H+(S-F) Far point depth of field = H X S H-(S-F) Where H = Hyper focal distance value S = Distance from camera to the subject F = Focal length of camera lens COC = Circle of confusion Focus Bias: Focus bias occurs when one object is in focus and rest is in out of focus (for e.g like in case of macro photography, with larger aperture and longh focal length, i.e f 2.8 with 200 mm focal length) In cinematography, focus plane yet depth of field effects is calculated using the entrance puple position of

First Aid

INTRODUCTION First aid is the immediate assistance or treatment given to someone injured or suddenly taken ill before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor, or other appropriate qualified persons. It is a skill, based on knowledge, training and experience. First aid training is important as it is relevant at home, work place or industries and any other place. The term â€Å"FIRST AIDER† is usually applied to someone who has completed a theoretical and practical instruction course, and passed a professionally supervised examination. The standard first aid certificate awarded by St John Ambulance, St Andrews Ambulance Association and the British Red Cross is proof of all round competence. First aid must be administered as soon as possible. In case of critical injury, a few minutes can make the difference between complete recovery and loss of life. First aid requires rapid assessment of victims to determine whether life threatening conditions exists. First aid measures depend on the victims need and the provider’s level of knowledge and skill. Knowing what not to do in an emergency is as important as knowing what to do. DEFINITION OF TERMS FIRST AIDER: someone who has completed a theoretical and practical instruction course, and passed a professionally supervised examination. EMERGENCY: A serious, unexpected and potentially dangerous situation requiring immediate action or an unexpected event that must be dealt with urgently. CASUALTY: somebody who has a fatal accident, or receives a serious injury or suddenly falls ill. ACCIDENT: An unpleasant incident that happens unexpectedly. INCIDENT: An event, the occurrence of dangerous or exciting event. AMBULANCE: A vehicle for taking sick or injured people to and from hospital. HOSPITAL: An institution providing medical treatment and nursing care for sick or injured people. IMMOBILIZE: Prevent from moving or operating as normal. SIGN: What you see on the casualty. SYMPTOMS: What the casualty feels and tells you. FIRST AID DEFINITION: – immediate assistance or treatment given to an injured person or someone who suddenly falls ill before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor, or other appropriate qualified persons. It is also the first care given to a casualty or someone who suddenly falls ill before the arrival of a doctor or before taking the person to the hospital. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF FIRST AID †¢To save life. †¢To promote quick recovery. †¢To prevent the situation from getting worse †¢To save time. †¢To save cost. PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID The golden rule is ‘’ first do no harm’’ while applying the principle of calculated risk. You should use treatment that is most likely to be beneficial to a casualty but do not use a doubtful treatment just for the sake of doing something. Assess the situation ?Observe what has happened quickly and calmly. ?Look for dangers to yourself and to the casualty. ?Never put yourself at risk. Make area safe. Protect the casualty from danger. ?Be aware of your limitations. Assess all casualties and give emergency aid ?Assess each casualty to determine treatment priorities, and treat those with life-threatening conditions first. Get help ?Quickly ensure that any necessary specialist has been summoned and is on the way QUALITIES OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER †¢Be resourc eful at all times. †¢Be sympathetic and empathetic to your casualty. †¢Be smart and confident. †¢Be observant. †¢Be bold. †¢Be gentle SCOPE OF FIRST AID This is the systematic way of administering first aid;- DIAGNOSIS:- †¢History Signs †¢Symptoms CARE:- This should be given in order of priority i. e. breathing, bleeding, burns and broken bones Transportation- Arrange to convey the casualty without delay to his home, suitable shelter, hospital and or summon a doctor in any serious case. EMERGENCY RESPONSE This is another procedure taken to ensure that appropriate first aid and safety is observed while assisting a casualty. When to use it depends on the situation you find yourself. D – Danger. R – Response (A. V. P. U. i. e. Alert, voice, pain, unresponsive). A – Airway. B –Breathing (L. L. F i. e. ook, listen and feel). C -circulation THE RESUSCITATION SEQUENCE To assess and treat a casualty who has collapse use the resu scitation techniques, obtained on the following pages. If breathing and pulse return at any points place the casualty in a recovery position. The resuscitation sequence Check response ? Open airway and check breathing ? Breathe for the casualty ? Assess for circulation ? commence CPR. CHECKING RESPONSE On discovering a casualty, you should first establish whether the casualty is conscious or unconscious. Ask a simple question such as ‘’hello can you hear me’’. ’What has happened to you’’. or give a command such as’’ open your eyes’’. Speak loudly and clearly, close to the casualty’s ear. OPEN THE AIRWAY An unconscious casualty’s airway may become narrowed or blocked. This makes breathing difficult and noisy or completely impossible. The main reason for this is that muscular control in the throat is lost, which allows the tongue to fall back and block the airway. Lifting the chin and tilting the head back lifts the tongue away from the entrance to the air passage, allowing the casualty to breathe. To open the airway – Place two fingers under the point of the casualty’s chin lift the jaw. At the same time, place your other hand on the casualty’s forehead and gently tilt the head well back. CHECKING BREATHING ?Kneel besides the casualty and put your face close to his mouth. ?Look, listen and feel for breathing. ?Look along the chest to see if the chest rises and falls, indicating breathing. ?Listen for sounds of breathing. ?Feel for breath on your cheek. ?Do these checks for up to ten seconds before deciding that breathing is absent. BREATHE FOR THE CASUALTY )Look into the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction including broken or displaced dentures from the mouth. Leave well fitted dentures in place. 2)Open the airway by tilting the head and using two fingers to lift the chin. 3)Close the casualty’s nose by pinching it with your index finger and thumbs. Take a full breathe and place your lips around his mouth, making a good seal. 4)Blow into your casualty’s mouth until you see the chest rise. Take about two seconds for full inflation. 5)Remove your lips and allow the chest to fall fully, which takes about four seconds. Repeat this once and then assess for signs of circulation. If pulse is absent and there are no sign of recovery such as any movement, swallowing, coughing or breathing, begin cardio pulmonary resuscitation. If breathing returns, place the casualty in the recovery position. ASSESSING FOR CIRCULATION Check the pulse for up to ten seconds, during which, look for other signs of recovery such as movement, breathing, swallowing and coughing. If you cannot find the pulse or there are no other signs of circulation, Begin chest compressions immediately. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) If there is no pulse, this means that the heart has stopped beating and you will have to provide an artificial circulation by means of chest compression. To be of any use, this process must always be combined with artificial ventilation. This procedure is known as Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation or CPR for short. If both you and your helper have been trained to administer C. P. R, you can do so together. GIVING CHEST COMPRESSIONS ?Kneel beside the casualty locate one of his lowermost ribs with the index and middle finger. Slide your finger along the ribs to the point where lowermost ribs meet at the breast bone. Place the heel of your other hand on the breast bone and slide it down until it reaches your index finger. This is the point at which you should apply pressure. ?Place the heel of your first hand on top of the other hand and inter lock your fingers. ?Leaning well over the casualty with your arms straight, press vertically down and depress the breast bone approximately 4-5cm, r elease the pressure without removing your hands. Compress the chest 30 times aiming for a rate of about 100 compressions per minute. Then give two artificial ventilations. Continue this cycle of alternating 30 chest compressions with two breaths of artificial ventilation until help arrives. CPR FOR A CHILD AND A BABY The same resuscitation sequence is applicable for a child but alternate five chest compressions with one breath of artificial ventilation. For one minute before calling an ambulance. Position your hand as you would for an adult but use heel of one hand only. For a baby under one year, place the tip of finger on the lower breast bone. Do this five times at a rate of 100 per minute Give one full breath of artificial ventilation, by breathing into the baby’s mouth and nose.

The Symbolic Briefcase in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man...

The Symbolic Briefcase in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man The narrator of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man is the victim of his own naivetà ©. Throughout the novel he trusts that various people and groups are helping him when in reality they are using him for their own benefit. They give him the illusion that he is useful and important, all the while running him in circles. Ellison uses much symbolism in his book, some blatant and some hard to perceive, but nothing embodies the oppression and deception of the white hierarchy surrounding him better than his treasured briefcase, one of the most important symbols in the book. The briefcase is introduced in the very first chapter. The narrator receives it after giving a speech endorsing†¦show more content†¦No matter where it sends him, for as long as the narrator carries that briefcase, he is jerked around like a puppet on a string, kept running by all those for whom that message was meant. As the story progresses, it becomes clear that the items the narrator stores in the briefcase are just as important and telling as the briefcase itself. First, there are Bledsoe’s letters. Bledsoe, the president of the college, expels the narrator, telling him to go to New York City to find work. He gives the narrator letters of recommendation and promises that he can return to the college after the summer. The narrator optimistically stuffs the letters into his briefcase and journeys to New York only to find himself ignored by the men for whom the letters are intended. After delivering his last letter, he discovers the truth of Bledsoe’s â€Å"recommendation.† Bledsoe has written in each letter that the narrator shall â€Å"never, under any circumstances, be enrolled as a student here again† (190). He also writes to ask â€Å"that he continue undisturbed in these vain hopes while remaining as far as possible from our midst† (191). The narrator disc overs that Bledsoe’s letters were only meant to keep him chasing his own tail. Another item the narrator stores in his briefcase is a coin bank. Right before he is about to leave Mary (the kind lady who gives him refuge in New York) to join the Brotherhood, the narrator notices a â€Å"cast-iron figureShow MoreRelatedEssay on Use of the Bird Motif in Invisible Man2374 Words   |  10 PagesUse of the Bird Motif in Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract: According to A Handbook to Literature, motif refers to a recurrent repetition of some word, phrase, situation, or idea, such as tends to unify a work through its power to recall earlier occurrences (264). One such type of motif which has seemed to receive less critical attention is Ellisons treatment of birds.  Ã‚   Hence, my aim in this essay is to examine the references to birds in Invisible Man, attempting to show how Ellison uses theRead MoreBiographical Information : Ralph Waldo Ellison1960 Words   |  8 PagesBiographical Information: Ralph Waldo Ellison was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on March 1, 1914. He passed away on April 16, 1994 in New York, New York. The Book Invisible Man Published in 1952 focused on an African-American civil rights worker from the South who, upon his move to New York, becomes increasingly alienated due to the racism he encounters. The narrator seeks to act according to the values and expectations of his immediate social group, but he finds himself continuously unable toRead More Invisible Man Essay: The Phases of Invisibility2008 Words   |  9 PagesInvisibility in Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be invisible is to be unable to be seen by anyone without artificial aid.   The invisible man is more impossible to locate than the proverbial needle in a haystack.   In Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man, the main character, I., progresses through various phases of symbolic invisibility.      The story begins with I. recounting the various steps and incidents that led him to realize his invisibility.   I.s grandfather was a meek and humble man, and thereforeRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance And Its Impact On Ralph Ellison s Book The Invisible Man Essay2165 Words   |  9 Pagesimpact on Ralph Ellison’s book The Invisible Man. This paper will illustrate how the Harlem Renaissance assisted the African-American intellectual community to gain acceptance in mainstream America and prompted the writing of the book The Invisible Man, written by Ralph Ellison. Throughout this paper, I will examine the social context and climate of Ellison’s work. This paper will focus on the experience of a young African American man who claims to be invisible. However, the young man argues that

The Pros And Cons Of Gun Control - 897 Words

Gun control is an on going debated rather guns should be allowed or to be banned. Gun control, politics, legislation, and enforcement of measures intended to restrict access to, the possession of, or the use of arms, particularly firearms. Gun control is one of the most controversial and emotional issues in many countries, with the debate often centring on whether regulations on an individual’s right to arms are an undue restriction on liberty and whether there is a correlation between guns and crime. Proponents of gun-control legislation assert that the strict enforcement of gun-control laws saves lives and reduces crime. By contrast, opponents of gun control assert that minimal restrictions on guns ensure that individuals have adequate†¦show more content†¦This law would remain in effect until Julius Caesar violated it when he maintained a standing army to assume power as emperor of Rome, a historical event that was etched as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire. In fact, this historical event is of such significance that both the En glish Bill of Rights (formally An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown; 1689) and the U.S. Constitution (1789) include provisions that prevent the maintenance of standing armies during times of peace without the consent of the legislative branch. Similar to the practices in England, the American colonies had numerous gun-control laws concerning safety, crime, hunting, the common defense, and even slaves. Despite those similarities, the American colonies diverged from England’s gun-control laws in two respects. First, outside of the restrictions imposed upon slaves, the American colonies did not restrict the use, ownership, and possession of guns based upon socioeconomic status. Second, the American colonies did not prescribe to a select militia based upon class. Instead, they prescribed to a universal draft whereby men of all classes were required to maintain guns and other accoutrements for the safety and defense of the state. This belief in universal arms bearing in colonial America stemmed from theShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1225 Words   |  5 Pagesto discuss in this paper is gun control as I feel it is a hotly debated issue in the country today, especially after the incidents we have had throughout the recent years. Gun control has and probably will always be an issue that is argued for or against from all political sides, regardless, of your own beliefs one must look at the pros and cons of gun control to determine what is necessary. To address this, we must first look at the statistics on deaths involving guns and then apply the currentRead MoreGun Control: Pros and Cons1986 Words   |  8 Pages| Page(s) | 1 | Table of Content | 1 | 2 | Introduction | 2 | 3 | Gun Control: Pros (i) Disarm and Control Citizens (ii) Better Management (iii) Reduce Crime Rate and Death Rate | 3-4 | 4 | Gun Control: Cons (i) People’s Life Unsecured (ii) Women’s Safety Unguaranteed (iii) Spring Up of Black Markets (iv) Conflict with Democracy | 5-7 | 5 | Conclusion | 8 | 6 | References | 9 | Introduction: A gun is a normally tubular weapon or other device designed to discharge projectilesRead MorePros And Cons Of Gun Control1511 Words   |  7 PagesGun control is a policy that the government limits the keeping and using of guns by citizens. 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There are numerous pros and cons to the enforcement of stricter gun control laws but we must note a few things: stricter gun control laws wouldRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control785 Words   |  4 PagesGun control is a big topic in the United States today, a lot of people have many different opinions on this. They are usually about whether we should we have gun control or not. We should not need g un control to solve crime in the United States. We need laws, background checks and more. The conversation about gun control will continue on as long as guns are made and used. The argument about gun control is doubled sided. This means that on one side citizens want the government to have control overRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1329 Words   |  6 PagesGun control is an extremely controversial topic in America. There are many advocates of weapon control - individuals who wish to have stricter laws to keep certain groups of individuals from acquiring a gun. In any case, there are likewise the general population who cant help contradicting gun control laws and accept there ought to be a more tolerant gun control to moreover enable individuals to protect themselves amid dangerous circumstances. On the two sides of this issue, sentiments extend fromRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1474 Words   |  6 PagesGun control laws are an ongoing process that varies from location, to time of history. Throughout history different laws and regulations have been made about gun control across all continents on earth. These laws change frequently and will continue to do so till the end of time. Many people are either for or against these laws depending on their religion, moral beliefs and location. Although increasing gun control is used for the protection of citizens, it could be deemed unnecessary to many becauseRead MoreGun Control, Pro and Con.850 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica is the most well armed nation in the world. The reason why Americans own so many guns is because of the second Amendment, which states â€Å"The Right to Bear Arm†. This amendment guarantees U.S. citizens the right to have firearms. In the freedictionary.com, weapon is defined as, an instrument of attack or defense in combat, as a gun, missile, or sword. There are many kinds of weapons and almost all of them are illegal to use without registration. Weapons are changing over times. Looking backRead MorePros And Cons Of Gun Control1073 Words   |  5 Pages Implementing gun control in the United States would only result in more chaos and increased rebellion from citizens who responsibly and legally own firearms. In doing so, the law-abiding citizens would be left defenseless against the criminals who continue to obtain guns illegally. Not only that, but the 2nd amendment rights of the United States Constitution would be diminished and the crime in the community would remain the same or perhaps increase. Gun control would not stop criminals from illegallyRead MorePros And Cons Of Gun Control738 Words   |  3 PagesGun control has become a huge political topic after the numerous violent killings in recent years. It has been debated whether gun control policies should be more lenient or more restrictive to best protect the American public. Many studies have been conducted in comparison to other countries that have stricter gun laws showing that crime has not dropped with increased gun control measures, nor has it affected a decline in h omicide rates. Other reports have shown that countries with more lenient

Drug Abuse, Addiction And Policy - 971 Words

Drug Abuse, Addiction and Policy Drug addiction to both, illegal and legal substances has had a significant impact on society and culture in the United States for over a century. The United States failed drug policies have helped to create an epidemic of addiction, to both illicit substances and prescription medication, that claims the lives of thousands of users every year. The film Requiem for a Dream, presents a surreal look at how illegal and prescription drugs, can destroy lives. The film focuses on a Harry, his mother, his friend and his lover, in Brooklyn, NY. Each of them discover the bleakness and unending pain that accompanies addiction. The era of the movie is indiscernible, but the tragedies are exceptionally relevant to the ongoing drug problem we face today. Culturally the U.S. has a created a problem, by mainstreaming the accepted use of alcohol and advocating the safety of prescription drugs, while demonizing the use of drugs like marijuana, the United States is faced with growing levels of addiction and incarceration. The director Aronofsky, perfectly illustrates this complex issue by contrasting Harry’s heroin abuse and downfall against his mothers’ diet pill abuse and mental breakdown. The fact that both substances are dangerous and addictive but only one is legal, perfectly thoroughly condemns the U.S. stance on drug use. All psychoactive substances can be abused, however dominant member of society determine that is culturally acceptable to get drunkShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics of Drug Use and Drug Abuse1579 Words   |  6 PagesEthics of Drug Use and Drug Abuse For any professional working in the substance abuse treatment field, they will very likely come across situations and be presented with dilemmas relating to personal beliefs, judgments, and values. Drug or substance use and abuse have been a controversial and heated topic around the world for centuries. Drug abuse, in a way, is a facet of human culture that has been present for a great deal of human history in general. Every culture handles the issue of drug abuseRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse1298 Words   |  5 PagesPrescription drugs are being taken for reasons other than the ones they are being prescribed for, fueling an addiction that impacts as many as 48 million Americans (Prescription Drug Abuse WebMD). According to MedLinePlus, an estimated 20 percent of people in the United States have used prescription drugs for nonmedical reasons. This is prescription drug abuse. While a considerable amount of time, resources, and attention are focused on the problems associated with i llicit drugs, prescription drug abuseRead MoreIllegal Drug Use1378 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Illegal drug use and abuse remains a pervasive social issue despite significant efforts to quell its existence. In fact, a recent report released by the RAND Corporation (2005) notes that drug abuse has become such a prominent social issue that substantial increases in prison populations all across the United States have been attributed to the tougher sentences that have been put in place for drug users. With the realization that current social policies toward reducing drug abuse are not working—onlyRead MoreAbstinence vs. Harm Reduction1733 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Abstinence Vs. Harm Reduction† â€Å"Drug policy regarding the control of the traditional illicit substances (opiates, cocaine, cannabis) is currently moving through upbeat times in almost all Western countries. Prohibition on the basis of repressive law enforcement not only seems to fail on a large scale, but also to create vast additional costs, problems, and harm for drug consumers, who often find themselves in extreme social, economic, and health conditions† (Fischer 1995: 389). Western countriesRead MorePoverty And Poverty1559 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction One of the stereotypes dominating the issue of drug abuse cites that it is highly prevalent among the poor members of the society. The claim stands to be discredited because a lack of financial resources never appears to be linked to the problem of drug use. The correlation is a multifaceted one, and poverty causation is complicated (Sinha 107). The characteristics of poverty involve high death rates, deteriorating physical health, a high prevalence of mental disorders, a high percentageRead MoreThe Problems of Drug Addiction954 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction A reasonable number of people do not understand why other people get addicted to drugs. Some even associate drug abuse and addiction with lack of moral principles or willpower. People subscribing to this school of thought believe that drug addicts can stop using drugs by simply changing their behavior. They fail to realize that drug addiction is a complex disease whose eradication calls for many things other than changing habits. Drugs basically change the way a human brain worksRead MoreDrug Addiction Is A Serious Problem1032 Words   |  5 Pages Drug addiction is a serious problem in today’s society. Drug addiction is a complex disease and once addicted, it is nearly impossible to quit. There are several ways to help manage drug addiction such as help-lines, support groups, and rehab. The most controversial treatment though, is methadone treatment. Methadone, ironically, is a drug used to treat drug addicts. Methadone has been used for approximately fifty years to treat morphine and heroine addicts. Methadone is a multi-billion-dollar industryRead MoreA Report On Substance Abuse Treatment Essay893 Words   |  4 Pagessubstance abuse treatment which our company SAFE Foundation OP Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment Centre treat and educate individuals daily. The Brownsville community is associated with our facility which includes specialized treatment for our patients. Our effective treatment programs focuses on adult and youth, include several different types of interventions simultaneously, and provide int ensive treatment. This proposal concludes with comments on improving substance abuse patients inRead MoreNew Rehab Programs Should Be Introduced1420 Words   |  6 Pagesthe start of the Drug War, which was the motion to use more policing in order to end the illicit drug market, the amount of arrests have increased for drug possession. Rehab programs in state and federal prisons have helped people overcome their addiction and relapse. The same way that King Leonidas in the graphic novel, 300, went about his Spartan initiation, it portrays the way a drug addict tries to overcome their addiction. By continuing to arrest people for substance abuse, it makes it harderRead MoreAddiction And Substance Abuse : Drugs1021 Words   |  5 PagesNicolo Vitale Mrs. Martinez English 3 March 30, 2016 Addiction and Substance Abuse Addiction and substance abuse is a crime that has plagued the U.S. ever since the early 1900 s and from that point on has been an uphill battle for the U.S. to stop. But even with everything the U.S. has tried nothing that has been done has even made a dent in the drug war. Drugs just continue to hit the very streets that innocent people live on. Today people walk right outside their house and just around the corner

Turnitin Hypocrisy of Its Own Free Essays

Over the centuries, teachers and professors all have had a problem with academic dishonesty. The advancement in technology has made plagiarizing so much easier, and because of this, many professors have resorted to using software programs which detects any sort of plagiarism. One popular program many professors are enforcing their students to use is Turnitin. We will write a custom essay sample on Turnitin: Hypocrisy of Its Own or any similar topic only for you Order Now com. When a paper is submitted into Turnitin, the program compares it to previous submitted essays saved in its database and the content available on the internet.However, in recent years, there has been much controversy between the ethics of Turnitin and student’s rights. According to Merriam-Webster, plagiarizing is defined as, â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own, without crediting the source† (1). Whenever a thought comes to mind, it is highly unlikely the first time the person has encountered this â€Å"newfound† idea. Books, classes, and conversations with others integrate and become an essential part of the thought process and the fine line between plagiarism and thought becomes slightly unclear.Every class a student takes focus on the concept of when using another’s work, you must always give credit to the owner; otherwise, you have committed plagiarism. The focus on crediting becomes stricter as students take higher level classes as they prepare for and enter the real world. Although students know that cheating has heavy consequences—receiving an F in the course, or worse, expulsion from school—some may take the risk if they believe that the benefit of receiving a higher grade may outweigh the potential consequences.Plagiarism had been limited by availability of information in newspapers, books, or libraries in the past. Today, with the advancement in technology, students now have access to the internet which contains a wealth of limitless information, making plagiarism ev er so easy, one-click-away. Because of this, many professors have felt the need to be proactive and fight back with technology in order to prevent plagiarism. One popular plagiarizing detection program many schools and universities are using is Turnitin. com.As soon as a student submits an electronic copy of their work, the website compares it with resources found online and files from its extensive database and produces an originality report. Teachers believe that anti-plagiarizing software programs such as Turnitin is a way to deter and, possibly, catch students if they plagiarized Conversely, Turnitin is a major contradiction itself. In Bill Walsh’s article, â€Å"Expect, but Respect, Original Work by Students,† he points out the hypocrisy of Turnitin lies in what it is presumably trying to prevent and teach.He states that Turnitin, â€Å"is actually infringing on the students’ intellectual property, making money from it, and violating the very copyright laws Turnitin is supposed to be protecting† (Walsh 568). Every time a paper is submitted into Turnitin, the student unknowingly fuels its database and helps the website run more efficiently. In order to make a database, Turnitin has to save a copy of the student’s intellectual work; if the student has not given authorization, then Turnitin, hypocritically, is potentially violating copyright infringement laws.Without the extensive database of submitted papers, Turnitin will be merely just a simple search engine such as Google. Every single paper that is submitted to the site gets added to the database increases the value of their product and what they have to offer. The website asserts complete ownership and access to every paper and assignment that is submitted in to their site; this allows the company to generate a revenue of â€Å"tens of millions of dollars annually† (Walsh 568) without giving the authors any compensation or credit.Without giving any credit or compensation to the owners of that intellectual property, Turnitin has contradicted its business model and has become its own hypocrite. Besides academic learning, education also teaches students about the value of academic integrity. Donald L. McCabe explains in his essay that, â€Å"integrity cannot be divided†¦ college teaches values to students by the standards they set for themselves†( McCabe 575). Since childhood, students are instilled with the negative connotation associated with cheating.They learn that it is unfair to other students around and there are heavy consequences which can include failing the course, or worse, expulsion from the school. Students also learn that when they cheat, they often they not only end up cheating themselves out of a learning experience, but they also lose their sense of academic integrity as well as their professor’s trust. However, when professors enforce their students to use Turnitin, a program that is clearly is its own hypocrite, they devalue academic integrity.When the education system place so much emphasis on the importance of academic honesty and then enforces students to use Turnitin, a business built on a foundation of the usage of unauthorized work of students, they show students that they support a business which goes against the very standards in which they value. The author suggests that, â€Å"its time to abandon [their] almost exclusive reliance on deterrence and punishment and to look at the issue of academic dishonesty as an educational opportunity as well† (McCabe 576). When professors and schools force students to use programs such as Turnitin, they are clearly sending out a message which states, â€Å"guilty-until-proven-innocent. † By asking students to use Turnitin, professors are assuming that most students are going to cheat and plagiarize their papers in some way and it creates a â€Å"culture of mistrust, a culture of guilt† (Rawe 570). Ethics in education should always include a magnitude of trust, so when professors presume students to all have plagiarized until a software program proves otherwise, it violates this code.This not only creates a feeling of mistrust amongst students and professors, this also goes against our American rights—innocent until proven guilty. Instead of using anti-plagiarizing programs such as Turnitin to catch or discourage students from cheating, schools should focus more on the ethics in academic integrity, and possibly expand the â€Å"honor code by obligating students to take action of th ey observe or hear about cheating†(Rawe 570); by doing so will ensue an ethical education formally based upon academic integrity.Plagiarism is a behavior of academic misconduct that violates the importance of academic integrity and definitely should not be acceptable. Many schools have resorted to using Turnitin as a convenient way to prevent and detect plagiarism. However, when schools decide to use a program that uses student’s intellectual work in order to make a hefty profit without offering compensation, permission, or acknowledgment to the student, they support a company which goes against all of the fundamental elements they have tried protect and instill into the education system regarding academic integrity.And when schools still choose to sacrifice student intellectual property in order to prevent plagiarism, the trust code between professors and students becomes violated, and academic integrity will cease to exist.Works Cited 1. â€Å"Plagiarizing. †Ã‚  Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2010. http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/plagiarizing? show=0;t=1284692767(14 Sept. 2010). 2. Walsh, Bill. â€Å"Expect, but Respect, Original Work by How to cite Turnitin: Hypocrisy of Its Own, Papers

Mechanical Engineering free essay sample

Plain carbon steel is essentially an alloy of iron and carbon which also contains manganese and a variety of residual elements. These residual elements were either present within the raw materials used in the production process e. g. iron ore and scrap steel additions, or they were added in the production process for a specific purpose, e. g. deoxidization by means of silicon or aluminium. Hence they are called residual elements to distinguish them from alloying elements that are deliberately added according to specified minimum amounts. The term â€Å"cleanliness† refers to the amounts of various phases such as oxides, sulphides and silicates that can be present in steel. The smaller the amount of these phases, the cleaner the steel. For many years steels have been produced by casting the molten steel into moulds and allowing it to solidify into ingots which were then processed by rolling etc. steel produced by ingots is subdivided into four categories according to the deoxidization process used. We will write a custom essay sample on Mechanical Engineering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These categories are rimmed, capped, semi-killed and killed steel. When un-deoxidized steel is cast into an ingot, carbon monoxide is evolved during solidification because the solubility of oxygen decreases as the temperature decreases. 1b) Steels that contain specified amounts of alloying elements, other than carbon and the commonly accepted amounts of manganese, copper, silicon, sulphur and phosphorus are known as alloy steels. Alloying elements are added to change mechanical or physical properties. Alloy steels are melted together in an electric furnace. This step usually involves 8 to 12 hours of intense heat. Next, the mixture is cast into one of several shapes including blooms, billets and slabs. After various forming steps, the steel is heat treated and then cleaned and polished to give it the desired finish. The semi-finished steel goes through forming operations, beginning with hot rolling, in which the steel is heated and passed through huge rolls. After the steel is formed, most types must go through an annealing step. Annealing is a heat treatment in which the steel is heated and cooled under controlled conditions to relieve internal stresses and soften the metal. Some steels are heat treated for higher strength. However, heat treatment requires careful control, for even small changes from the recommended temperature, time, or cooling rate can seriously affect the properties. 1c) Plain carbon steel is used in many industries such as in the construction of roads, railways, infrastructures, appliances, and buildings. Carbon steel is used to erect a strong and lasting frame to most modern buildings, steel beams (girders), joists and studs are engineered to create the skeleton of a building. Steel is also used in a variety of construction materials, such as pipes, tubing, plates, bolts, nails, screws and equipment like tools, bulldozers, cranes etc. 1d) In the construction industry, gears, pipes, beams, w shape beams , boilers, pressure valves and other things are fabricated from alloy steels. By coupling additional elements to the carbon and iron based building metal you can strengthen it to withstand quite a bit more. Alloy steels can be non-magnetic, high-quality, and corrosion-proof. Furthermore they can be used in highly demanding applications such as commercial steel buildings, turbine blades in jet engines, spacecrafts and nuclear reactors. Stainless steel is the most widely known alloy steel. What distinguishes stainless steel from carbon steels is that it contains a minimum of 10% chromium. As a consequence, stainless steel building metal is resistant to staining, and is rust proof, which makes it perfect for cooking utensils, cutlery, jewelry as well as aircraft parts, architectural components, and surgical implements. 2) In the production of aluminium, first the ore is mixed with a hot concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. The NaOH will dissolve the oxides of aluminium and silicon but not other impurities such as iron oxides, which remains insoluble. The insoluble materials are removed by filtration. The solution which now contains the oxides of aluminium and silicon are next treated by bubbling carbon dioxide gas through the solution. Carbon dioxide forms a weak acid solution of carbonic acid which neutralizes the sodium hydroxide from the first treatment. This neutralization selectively precipitates the aluminium oxide, but leaves the silicates in solution. Again filtration is used for the separation. After this stage the purified aluminium oxide is heated to evaporate the water. The molten mixture is then electrolysed with a very large current and the aluminium ions are reduced to form aluminium metal The physical properties of aluminium make it a perfect material for construction. Its light weight means that the load on the bearing structure is less, and its strength makes it suitable for a great variety of solutions. Its resistance to corrosion gives it special advantages: aluminium is perfect for regions with severe weather conditions. Finally, its fluidity gives freedom to architects and designers. Aluminium extruded, rolled and cast products are commonly used for window frames and other glazed structures ranging from shop fronts to large roof superstructures for shopping centres and stadiums, for roofing, siding and curtain walling as well as for cast door handles, catches for windows, staircases, heating and air-conditioning systems, power lines and the list goes on. 3) Plastics are produced using a process called polymerization, where many thousands of monomers are joined together to form a polymer chain. Monomers are made of atoms like chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sulphur. Monomers are easily extracted from abundant organic. There are two main types of plastics, thermosetting plastics and thermoplastics. Both are produced by pouring liquid monomers into a mould where they undergo polymerization. Thermosetting plastics are permanent once moulded, they do not deform under heat. Thermoplastics will melt under heat can be reformed repeatedly. The polymerization process increases the molecular weight of the constituent molecules, turning liquid monomers into solid polymers. (Increase of molecular weight causes the substance to undergo a phase change). During the moulding process, the monomer soup is superheated and condensed under many atmospheres worth of pressure. This causes polymerization to occur and ensures that the plastic is solid and uniform, lacking any internal air bubbles. Specialist plastic and rubber fabrications are used in a wide variety of industries including, civil engineering, medical, aerospace, military, atomic energy, marine and automotive. Many products are used to contain aggressive chemicals which could be hazardous if not properly controlled. Furthermore the uses and advantages of plastics and rubbers are endless throughout the industries, some examples of these are, sealing, jointing and finishing products, containing applications, bio-degradable applications, hoses, wheels, profiles and consumables. 4a) Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics by causing coalescence. This is often done by heating the work pieces and adding a material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with heat or by itself to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involves melting a lower-melting point material between the work pieces to form a bond between them. Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame (oxy-acetylene), an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in man different environments including open air and under water. Welding is generally the simplest, fastest, and most cost-effective method, at least in the case of structural metals. Welding doesnt require parts to fit exactly. Methods like bolts or screws require some type of flange or overlap of parts, so with welding, weight and material savings can be realized. A high quality weld can often be stronger than the parts to be joined, though this should not be depended on. 4b) Welding, without the proper precautions, can be a dangerous and unhealthy practice. However, with the use of new technology and proper protection, the risks of injury and death associated with welding can be greatly reduced. Because many common welding procedures involve an open electric arc or flame, the risk of burns is significant. To prevent them, welders wear protective clothing in the form of heavy leather gloves and protective long sleeve jackets to avoid exposure to extreme heat and flames. Additionally, the brightness of the weld area leads to a condition called arc eye in which ultraviolet light causes the inflammation of the cornea and can burn the retinas of the eyes. Goggles and helmets with dark face plates are worn to prevent this exposure, and in recent years, new helmet models have been produced that feature a face plate that self-darkens upon exposure to high amounts of UV light. To protect bystanders, transparent welding curtains often surround the welding area. These curtains, made of a polyvinyl chloride plastic film, shield nearby workers from exposure to the UV light from the electric arc, but should not be used to replace the filter glass used in helmets. Welders are also often exposed to dangerous gases and particulate matter. Processes like flux-cored arc welding and shielded metal arc welding produce smoke containing particles of various types of oxides. The size of the particles in question tends to influence the toxicity of the fumes, with smaller particles presenting a greater danger. Additionally, many processes produce various gases, most commonly carbon dioxide and ozone, and fumes that can prove dangerous if ventilation is inadequate. Furthermore, because the use of compressed gases and flames in many welding processes pose an explosion and fire risk, some common precautions include limiting the amount of oxygen in the air and keeping combustible materials away from the workplace. 4d) Pipe Cutters A tubing or pipe cutter is a hand tool specifically designed to cut pipe. It works by clamping onto a portion of the pipe and cutting through it using a small, round blade. As the tool is rotated it tightens, causing the blade to slowly dig into the pipe, eventually sawing all the way through. Tubing and pipe cutters are easy to use and provide a straight cut and edge to weld. Pipe Clamps For clamping pipelines on the outside whilst welding is taking place on straight sections, pipeline flanges or bends. Various types of external pipe clamps are suited to different applications. Chain clamps are extremely versatile for holding pipes up to 54 suitable for elbows, tees, flanges, end caps and most other pipe fittings. Ratchet Line-up cage clamps are very strong and accurate, but are also lightweight with either standard flat cross bars or no tack arched cross bars. External Hydraulic (no tack) Line-up cage clamps lines up pipe for welding to enable the maximum weld to be made without moving the clamp and comes with hand toggle or powerful hydraulic for accurate alignment. JA Type Mechanical Pipe Clamps allow efficient preparation of welding, whilst allowing easy handling but at the same time optimized working security, ensuring safety and peace of mind. 5a) Stress is the internal resistance, or counterforce, of a material to the distorting effects of an external force or load. Mechanical Engineering free essay sample Mechanical engineering, or MEs, jobs are exciting, challenging, and rewarding, but also due to there being a high demand for licensed engineers, this being a stable career with a bright future, and income being above average, this has been a popular career choice for a long time. In fact, mechanical engineering is one of the oldest engineering disciplines in existence, as well as one of the most respected. Mechanical Engineers, or MEs, take an idea of a product and introduce it into the marketplace with great knowledge of the materials and research (Career opportunities, 2012). Mechanical engineering is a field that takes a certain kind of person that has special skills in math, physics, and design. It is best for a student to start taking classes while still in high school. When a person starts college as a freshman there are certain prerequisites that must be taken during their high school years, such as studying algebra for two years, and one year each of chemistry, physics, and trigonometry. We will write a custom essay sample on Mechanical Engineering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Starting these studies early on would be beneficial for the time it will take a person to earn a degree in college (Key elements, 2012). Other criteria’s should be met for the mechanical engineering program, such as the ACT scores. ACT scores should be, at a minimum of 26 in math. It is also, important to find a school that will prepare a person to earn the degree employers are looking for. At minimum, employers will be looking for in a successful student, is a Bachelor’s degree. Students can secure a job with only a two-year Associates’ degree, but finding employment could be a challenge. The only advantage to this degree would be to work under someone and get the hands on experience from it (Key elements, 2012). A more dvanced degree would be a Master’s degree, and a Doctoral Degree (PhD) in Mechanical Engineering. Out of these two degrees, a student would have higher demand in career opportunities, and a higher pay salary (Key elements, 2012). Mechanical engineering comes with many job descriptions, and the title has been around for a long time. Out of all engineering careers, mechanical offers the most opportunity (Overview, 2012). When interviewing Jim Smith, who is a Mechanical project engineer, he said, he has been in the engineering field for six years and has moved up to a design team leader. Mechanical engineering has an array of areas to concentrate on, transportation, working with the environment, computers, biomedical, fuels, and nuclear power are just a few to choose from. Being an engineer will require working one on one, or working in a team environment; Depending on the size of the company. Some areas focus on research and laboratory work. In a minimal situation, a mechanical engineer description could be just using math skills to design a product (Overview, 2012). â€Å"In 2002, mechanical engineers had around 215,000 jobs. The employment of mechanical engineers is expected to be on the rise through 2012. With all the new machinery, mechanical engineers will have further jobs available to them (Mechanical engineering careers, 2012). The earnings according to the† National Association of Colleges and Employers,† in 2003, the top earned with a PhD, was 69,904, with the lowest earnings being 48,585 a year (Employment outlook, 2012). Smith said the start ing salary at his firm, with a BS in mechanical engineering is around 55k, a year. Mechanical Engineering offers a range of advantages, such as job security, excellent benefits, advancement opportunities, and salary, but with all the advantages there are some disadvantages to the career. Long working hours, meeting high expectations in the classroom, meeting job requirements, in a time where the economy is very competitive, undergoing long training hours for at least two years , and working on projects in a team setting, where they can be more time consuming(M. E. Disadvantages, 2012). There may be some travel involved for meetings, and conferences to stay current on new things ithin the field (Employment outlook, 2012). Smith said when he advanced in his job he took on more responsibilities, but he simply accepts that work is work and eventually he will get rewarded for it as long as he does a good job. I chose Mechanical Engineering, as my topic, because the discipline of mechanical engineering is all about pushing the boundaries of technology. Creating things, d evelop things, plan structures and look into detail the advantages and disadvantages of these tools in society. Mechanical engineering, as noted earlier, is an interdisciplinary program. A person will need to a have solid background on a variety of subjects and ideas so that they can have a holistic approach when taking on a project. Another reason I chose to do my paper on this career is the fact that my son is going into this professional, and I could have a better understanding of exactly what a Mechanical engineer is. With all the research I have done, I believe this career is a perfect fit for him. Reference Andrews,N. (N. D). Mechanical engineer disadvantages. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_10004398 Careers. (ND). Mechanical engineering careers, jobs, and employment career information.